The concept of perceexpanded - Consistent with these approaches, Reardon (1988) places global justice as the central concept of positive peace and asserts that “justice, in the sense of the full enjoyment of the entire range of human rights by all people, is what constitutes positive peace” (p.26).

 
Feminist Contributions and Challenges to Peace Studies . Star telegram

Apr 1, 2019 · Buddha introduced the concept of peace through inner discipline. His meditations told him that suffering came from desire for sensory pleasures. Therefore, he laid out an Eightfold Path to inner ... Positive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ... Apr 8, 2020 · The reference dimension of the concept of security turns on the question of whose security must be guaranteed: the nation state’s, the society’s or the individual’s. Here too we see an extension of the concept of security beyond the state as the referent object of security policy. 2.3.1 From State Security to Social and Individual Security The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... The title is not an exaggeration. The concepts I learned has clarified many events that have happened in my life that affected me heavily, such as death in my family, loss of social support, partner abuse, emotional neglect, and PTSD. I took two steps forward, two step back for years. Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition The meaning of PEACE is a state of tranquility or quiet. How to use peace in a sentence. Abstain from stealing. Abstain from sexual misconduct. Abstain from wrong speech. Abstain from the use of intoxicating substances that cause inattention. These precepts are nothing other than the path-factors Right Action, Right Speech and Right Livelihood that the Buddha taught in the Eightfold Path. The study deals with the changes in the concept of peace, limited to Europe and the period between the 14th and 19th centuries. It concludes that the changes in the context and character of eras basically modify the various peace concepts. In late medieval times the concept of peace was identical to the slogan of Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they a. chose to migrate farther west. b. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land. c. lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses. d. were allowed to control the supply ... Sep 1, 2018 · Expectation in Perception. Humans, like many other species, are ‘anticipatory systems’ [1]. They construct predictive models of themselves and their environment, allowing them to quickly and robustly make sense of incoming data. In line with this notion, the brain has been described as a ‘prediction machine’ [2] that attempts to match ... The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14]. The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... 3) strong business environment, 4) acceptance of the rights of others, 5) equitable distribution of resources, 6) free flow of information, 7) high levels of human capital and. 8) good relationships with neighbours. – Positive Peace provides a measurable framework to gauge a country’s capabilities to absorb, adapt and recover from shocks ... Affordance Theory Explained. Proposed by James J. Gibson, affordance theory is an examination of how each person visually perceives their environment. Gibson suggests that what people see will lead to a decision that they make. An affordance is a clue within the environment that becomes a trigger for an action to be taken. Nov 10, 2022 · Ongoing and new violent conflicts around the world are derailing the global path to peace and achievement of Goal 16. Alarmingly, the year 2022 witnessed a more than 50 per cent increase in ... Pax Romana. The Pax Romana ( Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long timespan of Roman history which is identified as a period and golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonial power, and regional expansion. This is despite several revolts and wars, and continuing ... Beyond the Constitution — The Framers wanted a single executive to give energy and efficiency to the executive branch. But the extent of presidential power has been an ongoing negotiation—over time, presidents have claimed powers beyond the expressed constitutional powers in Article II, while Congress has made attempts to limit the president’s power through laws and Constitutional ... themselves. This article explores the concepts of peace and security in the context of human development and their various meanings and manifestations at the national and international levels. 2. Peace As an academic discipline, Peace Studies has existed for several decades but only gained relative prominence in the past ten or 15 years. Sep 1, 2018 · Expectation in Perception. Humans, like many other species, are ‘anticipatory systems’ [1]. They construct predictive models of themselves and their environment, allowing them to quickly and robustly make sense of incoming data. In line with this notion, the brain has been described as a ‘prediction machine’ [2] that attempts to match ... The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... 3) strong business environment, 4) acceptance of the rights of others, 5) equitable distribution of resources, 6) free flow of information, 7) high levels of human capital and. 8) good relationships with neighbours. – Positive Peace provides a measurable framework to gauge a country’s capabilities to absorb, adapt and recover from shocks ... The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ... See full list on verywellmind.com One element of Augustinian thought relevant to a philosophy of peace is his adaptation of the neo-Platonic notion of privation, that evil can be seen as the absence of good. It is an idea which resonates with notions of positive and negative peace. Negative peace can be seen as the absence of positive peace. themselves. This article explores the concepts of peace and security in the context of human development and their various meanings and manifestations at the national and international levels. 2. Peace As an academic discipline, Peace Studies has existed for several decades but only gained relative prominence in the past ten or 15 years. From resistance fighters to lawyers and parliamentarians, the EU pioneers were a diverse group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. Beyond the pioneers described below, many others have worked tirelessly towards and inspired the European project. This section on the EU’s pioneers is therefore a work in ... Feb 22, 2021 · Its evidence is: Peace is the dominant believer, and as Yahya bin Jaber narrated that Abu Bakr said: Peace is the security of God on earth. So the linguistic connotation of the word “Salam” is structured as follows: 1- Peace in the sense of peace. 2- Peace in the sense of negative or positive neutrality. 3- Peace means surrender and submission. Apr 8, 2020 · The reference dimension of the concept of security turns on the question of whose security must be guaranteed: the nation state’s, the society’s or the individual’s. Here too we see an extension of the concept of security beyond the state as the referent object of security policy. 2.3.1 From State Security to Social and Individual Security In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing proportions ... A second urbanisation took place, which came with the rise of new ascetic movements and religious concepts, including the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. The latter was synthesised with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism. Indian cultural influence (Greater India) Timeline of Indian history History of Europe - Renaissance, Reformation, Wars: The 16th century was a period of vigorous economic expansion. This expansion in turn played a major role in the many other transformations—social, political, and cultural—of the early modern age. By 1500 the population in most areas of Europe was increasing after two centuries of decline or stagnation. The bonds of commerce within Europe ... (17) Though the concept of phase, known also as focus, is a very helpful notion, its empirical foundation is yet very weak. (18) The lack of TBM prior to germinal center development and their absence in aged mice are inconsistent with the concept that TBM are required for the induction of the germinal center reaction. Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it: The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and Jul 23, 2021 · Relational Concepts. The chapters in the first subsection engage with a range of relational concepts, outlining their relevance to positive peacebuilding. The first chapter by Reina Neufeldt explores the importance of developing our peacebuilding practices in light of an ethics of care that is rooted in a specific cultural context. Nov 10, 2022 · Ongoing and new violent conflicts around the world are derailing the global path to peace and achievement of Goal 16. Alarmingly, the year 2022 witnessed a more than 50 per cent increase in ... Feminist Contributions and Challenges to Peace Studies History of Europe - Renaissance, Reformation, Wars: The 16th century was a period of vigorous economic expansion. This expansion in turn played a major role in the many other transformations—social, political, and cultural—of the early modern age. By 1500 the population in most areas of Europe was increasing after two centuries of decline or stagnation. The bonds of commerce within Europe ... One element of Augustinian thought relevant to a philosophy of peace is his adaptation of the neo-Platonic notion of privation, that evil can be seen as the absence of good. It is an idea which resonates with notions of positive and negative peace. Negative peace can be seen as the absence of positive peace. Sep 1, 2018 · Expectation in Perception. Humans, like many other species, are ‘anticipatory systems’ [1]. They construct predictive models of themselves and their environment, allowing them to quickly and robustly make sense of incoming data. In line with this notion, the brain has been described as a ‘prediction machine’ [2] that attempts to match ... It shows that the concept of peace employed in peace studies has been expanded both in peace value and peace sphere to include more than one peace value and peace sphere. The paper attempts to explore the concept of peace processes, theories of peace processes and further elaborate on the conditions necessary for peace. Oct 25, 2021 · Footnote 25 This concept of peace includes, inter alia, respect for human rights protection, provision of social justice, and the elimination of structural violence causing poverty, inequality and exclusion. However, the notion of peace in Chapter VII of the UN Charter seems to refer to a narrower understanding of peace, i.e. the conception of ... Beyond the Constitution — The Framers wanted a single executive to give energy and efficiency to the executive branch. But the extent of presidential power has been an ongoing negotiation—over time, presidents have claimed powers beyond the expressed constitutional powers in Article II, while Congress has made attempts to limit the president’s power through laws and Constitutional ... A second urbanisation took place, which came with the rise of new ascetic movements and religious concepts, including the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. The latter was synthesised with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism. Indian cultural influence (Greater India) Timeline of Indian history One element of Augustinian thought relevant to a philosophy of peace is his adaptation of the neo-Platonic notion of privation, that evil can be seen as the absence of good. It is an idea which resonates with notions of positive and negative peace. Negative peace can be seen as the absence of positive peace. Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. Affordance Theory Explained. Proposed by James J. Gibson, affordance theory is an examination of how each person visually perceives their environment. Gibson suggests that what people see will lead to a decision that they make. An affordance is a clue within the environment that becomes a trigger for an action to be taken. Jul 27, 2021 · The Expanded Maneuver concept was described by General John Hyten, the 11th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in reporting by Defense One’s Tara Copp.The specifics of the wargame that ... Pax Romana. The Pax Romana ( Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long timespan of Roman history which is identified as a period and golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonial power, and regional expansion. This is despite several revolts and wars, and continuing ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system., I. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies., A) New technologies and manufacturing techniques ... (17) Though the concept of phase, known also as focus, is a very helpful notion, its empirical foundation is yet very weak. (18) The lack of TBM prior to germinal center development and their absence in aged mice are inconsistent with the concept that TBM are required for the induction of the germinal center reaction. Sep 1, 2018 · Expectation in Perception. Humans, like many other species, are ‘anticipatory systems’ [1]. They construct predictive models of themselves and their environment, allowing them to quickly and robustly make sense of incoming data. In line with this notion, the brain has been described as a ‘prediction machine’ [2] that attempts to match ... Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it: The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and dharma. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From Ashoka’s 13th inscription, we come to know that the battle was a massive one and caused the deaths of more than 100,000 soldiers and many civilians who rose up in ... From resistance fighters to lawyers and parliamentarians, the EU pioneers were a diverse group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. Beyond the pioneers described below, many others have worked tirelessly towards and inspired the European project. This section on the EU’s pioneers is therefore a work in ... Oct 25, 2021 · Footnote 25 This concept of peace includes, inter alia, respect for human rights protection, provision of social justice, and the elimination of structural violence causing poverty, inequality and exclusion. However, the notion of peace in Chapter VII of the UN Charter seems to refer to a narrower understanding of peace, i.e. the conception of ... Peace is a stress-free state of security and calmness that comes when there’s no fighting or war, everything coexisting in perfect harmony and freedom. Peace is a stress-free state of security and calmness that comes when there’s no fighting or war, everything coexisting in perfect harmony and freedom. themselves. This article explores the concepts of peace and security in the context of human development and their various meanings and manifestations at the national and international levels. 2. Peace As an academic discipline, Peace Studies has existed for several decades but only gained relative prominence in the past ten or 15 years. The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ... Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it: The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and The study deals with the changes in the concept of peace, limited to Europe and the period between the 14th and 19th centuries. It concludes that the changes in the context and character of eras basically modify the various peace concepts. In late medieval times the concept of peace was identical to the slogan of Mar 14, 2022 · An extended definition essay is a writing assignment where you have to choose a concept and define it. To do this, you’ll need to provide an explanation of the concept (i.e., give its meaning), as well as examples of what the concept entails. This is also known as representing or exemplifying the concept through descriptions, examples, and ... The legal term peace, sometimes king's peace ( Latin pax regis) [1] or queen's peace, is the common-law concept of the maintenance of public order. [2] The concept of the king's peace originated in Anglo-Saxon law, where it initially applied the special protections accorded to the households of the English kings and their retainers. In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing proportions ... Feb 22, 2021 · Its evidence is: Peace is the dominant believer, and as Yahya bin Jaber narrated that Abu Bakr said: Peace is the security of God on earth. So the linguistic connotation of the word “Salam” is structured as follows: 1- Peace in the sense of peace. 2- Peace in the sense of negative or positive neutrality. 3- Peace means surrender and submission. Jul 23, 2021 · Relational Concepts. The chapters in the first subsection engage with a range of relational concepts, outlining their relevance to positive peacebuilding. The first chapter by Reina Neufeldt explores the importance of developing our peacebuilding practices in light of an ethics of care that is rooted in a specific cultural context. Jul 23, 2021 · Relational Concepts. The chapters in the first subsection engage with a range of relational concepts, outlining their relevance to positive peacebuilding. The first chapter by Reina Neufeldt explores the importance of developing our peacebuilding practices in light of an ethics of care that is rooted in a specific cultural context. Nov 15, 2019 · Basic Concepts and Theories in International Peacekeeping: An Anal ytic Review. 62 Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations. v.8, n.16, Jul./Dec. 2019. lamy and Paul, D. W ... Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition Dec 28, 2017 · The family of joint concepts plays a central role in the capabilities-based methodology for Joint Force development. This concept paper focuses on the role of deterrence in achieving two of the Chairman's key strategic priorities: guiding Joint Force transformation and enhancing joint warfighting capabilities. The quest to define peace as a concept and set of values is as old as recorded history. The concept of peace was first introduced into academic literature by the Norwegian pioneer of peace research Johan Galtung, who distinguished between two types of peace: positive peace and negative peace. Statue of Eirene, goddess of peace in ancient Greek religion, with the infant Plutus. Peace means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Peace of Westphalia, European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The Arbinger Institute's 'Anatomy of Peace' is a different bird in several ways. It isn't written by one person (although it is largely built from the work of philosopher C. Terry Warner), but rather by an organization. It has its faults and limitations, but is a constructive addition to conflict resolution. In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing proportions ... The meaning of PEACE is a state of tranquility or quiet. How to use peace in a sentence. Oct 10, 1998 · On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 48 Issue 10 October 1998. To continue reading this article you will need to purchase access to the online archive. Buy Online Access Buy Print & Archive Subscription. If you have already ... Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. 3.2 CONCEPTS AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Table 3.1 presents concepts of peace, loosely organized according to whether the concept is integrated within a cultural-religious system, or a secular, cross-cultural concept (which is empirical, abstract, or normative). 6 Not all concepts of peace or variations of those shown can be tabled, 7 but I believe the major ones are included. 8 Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they a. chose to migrate farther west. b. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land. c. lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses. d. were allowed to control the supply ... Jul 27, 2021 · The Expanded Maneuver concept was described by General John Hyten, the 11th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in reporting by Defense One’s Tara Copp.The specifics of the wargame that ... Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition Affordance Theory Explained. Proposed by James J. Gibson, affordance theory is an examination of how each person visually perceives their environment. Gibson suggests that what people see will lead to a decision that they make. An affordance is a clue within the environment that becomes a trigger for an action to be taken.

Over the years the scope of the Culture of Peace expanded and became more relevant than ever. The concept now embraces a wide range of related issues and multiple resolutions are now adopted under ... . Instacart promo code dollar35 off

the concept of perceexpanded

Different dimensions of the concept of peace are expressed by three words in the Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions. The Latin pax refers to a juridical concept, in which conflict is avoided, resolved or suppressed by a legitimate authority. In this concept peace is ensured by maintaining in good condition The study deals with the changes in the concept of peace, limited to Europe and the period between the 14th and 19th centuries. It concludes that the changes in the context and character of eras basically modify the various peace concepts. In late medieval times the concept of peace was identical to the slogan of The UN’s peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace-building activities have suffered from serious logistical and financial difficulties. As more missions are undertaken, the costs and controversies associated with them have multiplied dramatically. Although the UN reimburses countries for the use of equipment, these payments have been limited ... 3.2 CONCEPTS AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Table 3.1 presents concepts of peace, loosely organized according to whether the concept is integrated within a cultural-religious system, or a secular, cross-cultural concept (which is empirical, abstract, or normative). 6 Not all concepts of peace or variations of those shown can be tabled, 7 but I believe the major ones are included. 8 Oct 10, 1998 · On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 48 Issue 10 October 1998. To continue reading this article you will need to purchase access to the online archive. Buy Online Access Buy Print & Archive Subscription. If you have already ... Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it: The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and Affordance Theory Explained. Proposed by James J. Gibson, affordance theory is an examination of how each person visually perceives their environment. Gibson suggests that what people see will lead to a decision that they make. An affordance is a clue within the environment that becomes a trigger for an action to be taken. From resistance fighters to lawyers and parliamentarians, the EU pioneers were a diverse group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. Beyond the pioneers described below, many others have worked tirelessly towards and inspired the European project. This section on the EU’s pioneers is therefore a work in ... History of Europe - Renaissance, Reformation, Wars: The 16th century was a period of vigorous economic expansion. This expansion in turn played a major role in the many other transformations—social, political, and cultural—of the early modern age. By 1500 the population in most areas of Europe was increasing after two centuries of decline or stagnation. The bonds of commerce within Europe ... Jul 23, 2021 · Relational Concepts. The chapters in the first subsection engage with a range of relational concepts, outlining their relevance to positive peacebuilding. The first chapter by Reina Neufeldt explores the importance of developing our peacebuilding practices in light of an ethics of care that is rooted in a specific cultural context. Oct 25, 2021 · Footnote 25 This concept of peace includes, inter alia, respect for human rights protection, provision of social justice, and the elimination of structural violence causing poverty, inequality and exclusion. However, the notion of peace in Chapter VII of the UN Charter seems to refer to a narrower understanding of peace, i.e. the conception of ... Oct 10, 1998 · On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 48 Issue 10 October 1998. To continue reading this article you will need to purchase access to the online archive. Buy Online Access Buy Print & Archive Subscription. If you have already ... .

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